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wdc-climate.de:2135969 eng; USA collection CLM_C20_2_D3 Dr. Claudia Wunram Climate Service Center Germany http://www.climate-service-center.de pointOfContact Dr. Michael Lautenschlager Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum http://www.dkrz.de/ pointOfContact 2007-01-29T14:19:19 ISO 19115 ISO 19115-2:2009 Climate Simulation with CLM, Climate of the 20th Century run no.2, Data Stream 3: European region MPI-M/MaD 2009-04-02 publication 1 CLM_C20_2_D3 doi:10.1594/WDCC/CLM_C20_2_D3 Dr. Michael Lautenschlager Max Planck Institute for Meteorology http://www.mad.zmaw.de/ Email: lautenschlager@dkrz.de principalInvestigator Ulrich Schlese Max Planck Institute for Meteorology http://www.mad.zmaw.de/ Email: data@dkrz.de originator Martina Schubert-Frisius Max Planck Institute for Meteorology http://www.mad.zmaw.de/ Email: Martina.Schubert-Frisius@hzg.de originator Dr. Michael Lautenschlager Max Planck Institute for Meteorology http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/ Email: lautenschlager@dkrz.de author Dr. rer. nat. Klaus Keuler Brandenburg University of Technology http://www.tu-cottbus.de/meteo Email: keuler@tu-cottbus.de author Dr. Claudia Wunram Max Planck Institute for Meteorology http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/ Email: sga@dkrz.de author Dr. Elke Keup-Thiel Max Planck Institute for Meteorology http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/ Email: sga@dkrz.de author Martina Schubert-Frisius Max Planck Institute for Meteorology http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/ Email: Martina.Schubert-Frisius@hzg.de author Dr. Andreas Will Brandenburg University of Technology http://www.tu-cottbus.de/meteo Email: will@tu-cottbus.de author Dr. Burkhardt Rockel Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH not filled Email: Burkhardt.Rockel@hzg.de author Dr. Uwe Boehm Potsdam-Institut fuer Klimafolgenforschung http://www.pik-potsdam.de Email: Uwe.Boehm@pik-potsdam.de author WDC Climate at DKRZ publisher The experiment CLM_C20_2_D3 contains European regional climate simulations of the years 1960-2000 on a regular geographical grid. The data are generated during post processing of the corresponding data stream 2 experiment (CLM_C20_2_D2) of regional climate model runs (CLM non hydrostatic, see http://www.clm-community.eu ). The simulations of the 20th century (1960-2000) have been forced by the second (_2_) run of the global 20th century climate (EH5-T63L31_OM-GR1.5L40_20C_2_6H) with observed anthropogenic forcing. In data stream 3 (_D3) the output variables of CLM data stream 2 and some additionally derived parameters are stored as time series on a regular grid with a horizontal spacing of 0.2 degree. The model parameters have been transformed onto the regular geographical grid by the CDO routines. Please note, that none of the variables has been corrected for topographical differences between the two grids. The model domain of data stream 3 covers the European region starting at 34.6/-10.6 (lat/lon, centre of lower left grid box) with an increment of 0.2 degree. The number of grid points is 177/238 (lat/lon). For some model variables and additionally derived parameters some statistics on daily, monthly or yearly basis are available. See also http://sga.wdc-climate.de for a list of available parameters. Please contact sga"at"dkrz.de for data request details. See http://sga.wdc-climate.de for more details on CLM simulations in the context of the BMBF funding priority "klimazwei", some useful information on handling climate model data and the data access regulations. The output format is netCDF Experiment with CLM 2.4.11 on NEC-SX6(hurrikan) raw data: hpss:/dxul/ut/k/k204095/prism/experiments/C20_2 Dr. Michael Lautenschlager Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum http://www.dkrz.de/ pointOfContact NetCDF CLM_SGA climate simulation regional modelling CLM constraints: See CLM_README https://www.wdc-climate.de/ui/entry?acronym=CLM_README eng; USA -10.6 36.8 34.6 69.8 calendrical 1960-01-01 2000-12-31 frost_days_index_per_time_period Frost days index is the number of days where minimum of temperature is below 0 degree Celsius. The time period should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Number of frost days (TN < 0C) [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. lwe_thickness_of_surface_snow_amount The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. Surface amount refers to the amount on the ground, excluding that on the plant or vegetation canopy.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m surface_downward_latent_heat_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface latent heat flux is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air on account of evaporation (including sublimation). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 specific_humidity "specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg kg-1 lagrangian_tendency_of_air_pressure "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of air pressure, often called "omega", plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when air pressure is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of air pressure; downwards is positive.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: Pa s-1 surface_altitude The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m leaf_area_index "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: 1 convective_snowfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 water_evaporation_amount water_evaporation_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer-atMediumCloudLayer "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover" [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: 0-1 surface_downward_latent_heat_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface latent heat flux is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air on account of evaporation (including sublimation). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 air_temperature-at2m Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: K lwe_thickness_of_surface_snow_amount The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "Amount" means mass per unit area. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. Surface amount refers to the amount on the ground, excluding that on the plant or vegetation canopy.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m air_temperature-at2m Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: K summer_days_index_per_time_period Number of summer days (TX > 25C) Summer days index is the number of days where maximum of temperature is above 25 degree Celsius. The time period should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. snow_days snow_days [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. canopy_water_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. "Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy. The canopy water is the water on the canopy.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer-atHighCloudLayer "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover" [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: 0-1 large_scale_snowfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 wind_speed_of_gust-at10m Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed timeseries of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of maximum for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 net_downward_longwave_flux_in_air "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 net_downward_shortwave_flux_in_air "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 surface_downward_sensible_heat_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface sensible heat flux, also called "turbulent" heat flux, is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air by motion of air. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 surface_downward_sensible_heat_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface sensible heat flux, also called "turbulent" heat flux, is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air by motion of air. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 surface_downward_latent_heat_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface latent heat flux is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air on account of evaporation (including sublimation). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 air_temperature-at2m Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: K ice_days_index_per_time_period Number of icing days (TXlt0C). Ice days index is the number of days where maximum of temperature is below 0 degree Celsius. The time period should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. y_wind-at10m "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, when this is not true latitude, positive with increasing y. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 convective_precipitation_amount convective_precipitation_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 lagrangian_tendency_of_air_pressure "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of air pressure, often called "omega", plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when air pressure is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of air pressure; downwards is positive.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: Pa s-1 air_temperature-at2m Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: K ice_days_index_per_time_period Number of icing days (TXlt0C). Ice days index is the number of days where maximum of temperature is below 0 degree Celsius. The time period should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. y_wind "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, when this is not true latitude, positive with increasing y. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m s-1 lwe_thickness_of_moisture_content_of_soil_layer "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "moisture" means water in all phases contained in soil. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Quantities defined for a soil layer must have a vertical coordinate variable with boundaries indicating the extent of the layer(s).[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m days_with_frozen_soil days_with_frozen_soil [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_in_air The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 300-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 y_wind "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, when this is not true latitude, positive with increasing y. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m s-1 large_scale_snowfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 wind_speed_of_gust-at10m Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed timeseries of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of maximum for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 net_downward_shortwave_flux_in_air "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 large_scale_snowfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 Number of tropical nights Count of days when TN (daily minimum temperature) is above 20 degree Celsius per time period. Let TNij be daily minimum temperature on day i in year j. Count the number of days where: TNij is above 20 degree Celsius. For annual see: [ETCCDI/CRD Climate Change Indices]; unit: No. vegetation_area_fraction "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. "Vegetation" means any plants e.g. trees, shrubs, grass.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0-1 snowfall_limit_altitude Height of the snow fall limit in m above sea [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: m cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer-atLowCloudLayer "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover" [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: 0-1 days_with_snowcover days_with_snowcover [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. surface_temperature_where_snow The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Unless indicated, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. The qualifier where_type specifies instead that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. The surface temperature is the (skin) temperature at the interface, not the bulk temperature of the medium above or below. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: K heavy_precipitation_days_index_per_time_period Heavy precipitation days is the number of days per time period with daily precipitation sum exceeding 10mm. The time period should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Anual count of day when PRCP >=10mm [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. convective_precipitation_amount convective_precipitation_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 rainfall_amount rainfall_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 air_temperature-at2m Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: K precipitation_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Precipitation" in the earths atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 rainfall_amount rainfall_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 convective_snowfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 lwe_thickness_of_moisture_content_of_soil_layer "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "moisture" means water in all phases contained in soil. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Quantities defined for a soil layer must have a vertical coordinate variable with boundaries indicating the extent of the layer(s).[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m surface_albedo The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0-1 x_wind-at10m "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, when this is not true longitude, positive with increasing x. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 x_wind "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, when this is not true longitude, positive with increasing x. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m s-1 surface_net_downward_longwave_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 large_scale_rainfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 geopotential Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m2 s-2 lwe_thickness_of_frozen_water_content_of_soil_layer "frozen_water" means ice. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Quantities defined for a soil layer must have a vertical coordinate variable with boundaries indicating the extent of the layer(s).[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m dew_point_temperature-at2m Dew point temperature is the temperature at which a parcel of air reaches saturation upon being cooled at constant pressure and specific humidity.[CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: K surface_net_downward_longwave_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 rainfall_amount rainfall_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 Number of tropical nights Count of days when TN (daily minimum temperature) is above 20 degree Celsius per time period. Let TNij be daily minimum temperature on day i in year j. Count the number of days where: TNij is above 20 degree Celsius. For annual see: [ETCCDI/CRD Climate Change Indices]; unit: No. large_scale_rainfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 x_wind-at10m "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, when this is not true longitude, positive with increasing x. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 snowfall_amount snowfall_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 air_pressure-atOzoneMaximum air_pressure-atOzoneMaximum [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: Pa y_wind-at10m "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, when this is not true latitude, positive with increasing y. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 net_downward_shortwave_flux_in_air "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 duration_of_sunshine The WMO definition of sunshine is that the surface incident radiative flux from the solar beam (i.e. excluding diffuse skylight) exceeds 120 W m-2. "Duration" is the length of time for which a condition holds.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: s large_scale_snowfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer-atHighCloudLayer "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover" [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: 0-1 surface_runoff_amount The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 rainfall_amount rainfall_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 x_wind-at10m "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, when this is not true longitude, positive with increasing x. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 net_downward_longwave_flux_in_air "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 wind_speed_of_gust-at10m Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed timeseries of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of maximum for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 air_pressure_at_sea_level sea_level means mean sea level, which is close to the geoid in sea areas. Air pressure at sea level is the quantity often abbreviated as MSLP or PMSL.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: Pa net_downward_longwave_flux_in_air "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 equivalent_pressure_of_atmosphere_ozone_content "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. The "atmosphere content" of a quantity refers to the vertical integral from the surface to the top of the atmosphere. For the content between specified levels in the atmosphere, standard names including content_of_atmosphere_layer are used. The equivalent pressure of a particular constituent of the atmosphere is the surface pressure exerted by the weight of that constituent alone.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: Pa dew_point_temperature-at2m Dew point temperature is the temperature at which a parcel of air reaches saturation upon being cooled at constant pressure and specific humidity.[CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: K surface_net_downward_shortwave_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 air_pressure_at_sea_level sea_level means mean sea level, which is close to the geoid in sea areas. Air pressure at sea level is the quantity often abbreviated as MSLP or PMSL.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: Pa surface_net_downward_longwave_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 surface_temperature_where_snow The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Unless indicated, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. The qualifier where_type specifies instead that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. The surface temperature is the (skin) temperature at the interface, not the bulk temperature of the medium above or below. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: K air_temperature-at2m (minimum per 24h) air_temperature-at2m (minimum per day) [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate cell_method:time]; unit: K wind_speed_of_gust-at10m Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed timeseries of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of maximum for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 surface_net_downward_longwave_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer-atHighCloudLayer "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover" [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: 0-1 surface_net_downward_shortwave_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 heavy_precipitation_days_index_per_time_period Heavy precipitation days is the number of days per time period with daily precipitation sum exceeding 10mm. The time period should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Anual count of day when PRCP >=10mm [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. latitude latitude [CF-Standard Name]; unit: degree surface_temperature_where_snow The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Unless indicated, a quantity is assumed to apply to the whole area of each horizontal grid box. The qualifier where_type specifies instead that the quantity applies only to the part of the grid box of the named type. The surface temperature is the (skin) temperature at the interface, not the bulk temperature of the medium above or below. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: K cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer-atLowCloudLayer "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover" [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: 0-1 convective_rainfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 canopy_water_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. "Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy. The canopy water is the water on the canopy.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 large_scale_rainfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer-atMediumCloudLayer "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover" [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: 0-1 soil_temperature Soil temperature is the bulk temperature of the soil, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: K days_with_frozen_soil days_with_frozen_soil [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer-atMediumCloudLayer "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover" [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: 0-1 air_temperature (mean per month) Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name (cell_method)]; unit: K dew_point_temperature-at2m Dew point temperature is the temperature at which a parcel of air reaches saturation upon being cooled at constant pressure and specific humidity.[CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: K geopotential Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m2 s-2 very_heavy_precipitation_days_index_per_time_period count of day when PRCP >=20mm. Very heavy precipitation days is the number of days with daily precipitation sum exceeding 20mm. The time period should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. rain_days rain_days [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. convective_rainfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 cloud_area_fraction "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover". The cloud area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. The cloud area fraction in a layer of the atmosphere has the standard name cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0-1 atmosphere_specific_convective_available_potential_energy "specific" means per unit mass. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.) Convective(ly) available potential energy is often abbreviated as "CAPE".[CF-Standard Name]; unit: J kg-1 convective_rainfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 air_temperature-at2m (maximum per 24h) air_temperature-at2m (maximum per day) [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate cell_method:time]; unit: K surface_albedo The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0-1 air_temperature-at2m Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: K land_area_fraction "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0-1 surface_runoff_amount The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 large_scale_rainfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 snowfall_amount snowfall_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 very_heavy_precipitation_days_index_per_time_period count of day when PRCP >=20mm. Very heavy precipitation days is the number of days with daily precipitation sum exceeding 20mm. The time period should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. specific_humidity "specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg kg-1 y_wind "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, when this is not true latitude, positive with increasing y. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m s-1 air_temperature Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: K large_scale_precipitation_amount large_scale_precipitation_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 lwe_thickness_of_frozen_water_content_of_soil_layer "frozen_water" means ice. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Quantities defined for a soil layer must have a vertical coordinate variable with boundaries indicating the extent of the layer(s).[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m air_temperature-at2m (mean per 24h) air_temperature-at2m (mean per 24h) [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate cell_method:time]; unit: K wind_speed Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m s-1 specific_humidity "specific" means per unit mass. Specific humidity is the mass fraction of water vapor in (moist) air.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg kg-1 duration_of_sunshine The WMO definition of sunshine is that the surface incident radiative flux from the solar beam (i.e. excluding diffuse skylight) exceeds 120 W m-2. "Duration" is the length of time for which a condition holds.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: s cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer-atLowCloudLayer "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover" [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: 0-1 convective_rainfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 surface_net_downward_shortwave_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 surface_albedo The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0-1 dew_point_temperature-at2m Dew point temperature is the temperature at which a parcel of air reaches saturation upon being cooled at constant pressure and specific humidity.[CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: K snow_days snow_days [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. rain_days rain_days [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. air_temperature-at2m Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: K surface_roughness_length The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m x_wind-at10m "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, when this is not true longitude, positive with increasing x. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 cloud_area_fraction "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover". The cloud area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. The cloud area fraction in a layer of the atmosphere has the standard name cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0-1 convective_snowfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 wind_speed_of_gust-at10m Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed timeseries of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of maximum for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 surface_downward_sensible_heat_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface sensible heat flux, also called "turbulent" heat flux, is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air by motion of air. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 precipitation_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Precipitation" in the earths atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 wind_from_direction Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) In meteorological reports, the direction of the wind vector is usually (but not always) given as the direction from which it is blowing (wind_from_direction) (westerly, northerly, etc.). In other contexts, such as atmospheric modelling, it is often natural to give the direction in the usual manner of vectors as the heading or the direction to which it is blowing (wind_to_direction) (eastward, southward, etc.) "from_direction" is used in the construction X_from_direction and indicates the direction from which the velocity vector of X is coming. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: degree freezing_level_altitude Altitude is the (geometric) height above the geoid, which is the reference geopotential surface. The geoid is similar to mean sea level.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m water_evaporation_amount water_evaporation_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 x_wind "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, when this is not true longitude, positive with increasing x. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m s-1 soil_temperature Soil temperature is the bulk temperature of the soil, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: K lwe_thickness_of_moisture_content_of_soil_layer "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. "moisture" means water in all phases contained in soil. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Quantities defined for a soil layer must have a vertical coordinate variable with boundaries indicating the extent of the layer(s).[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m duration_of_sunshine The WMO definition of sunshine is that the surface incident radiative flux from the solar beam (i.e. excluding diffuse skylight) exceeds 120 W m-2. "Duration" is the length of time for which a condition holds.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: s cloud_area_fraction "X_area_fraction" means the fraction of horizontal area occupied by X. "X_area" means the horizontal area occupied by X within the grid cell. Cloud area fraction is also called "cloud amount" and "cloud cover". The cloud area fraction is for the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. The cloud area fraction in a layer of the atmosphere has the standard name cloud_area_fraction_in_atmosphere_layer. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0-1 x_wind "x" indicates a vector component along the grid x-axis, when this is not true longitude, positive with increasing x. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.)[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m s-1 snowfall_amount snowfall_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 geopotential Geopotential is the sum of the specific gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the specific centripetal potential energy.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m2 s-2 rel._frequency_of_potential_snow_fall rel._frequency_of_potential_snow_fall [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: 0-1 water_evaporation_amount water_evaporation_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 precipitation_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Precipitation" in the earths atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 surface_albedo The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0-1 days_with_snowcover days_with_snowcover [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. subsurface_runoff_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 convective_precipitation_amount convective_precipitation_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 wind_speed_of_gust-at10m Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed timeseries of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of maximum for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 surface_runoff_amount The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Amount" means mass per unit area. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 atmosphere_specific_convective_available_potential_energy "specific" means per unit mass. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.) Convective(ly) available potential energy is often abbreviated as "CAPE".[CF-Standard Name]; unit: J kg-1 cell_area-atSurface "Cell_area" is the horizontal area of a gridcell. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m2 wind_speed_of_gust-at10m Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity. A gust is a sudden brief period of high wind speed. In an observed timeseries of wind speed, the gust wind speed can be indicated by a cell_methods of maximum for the time-interval. In an atmospheric model which has a parametrised calculation of gustiness, the gust wind speed may be separately diagnosed from the wind speed. [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 root_depth Depth is the vertical distance below the surface. The root depth is maximum depth of soil reached by plant roots, from which they can extract moisture.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m wind_speed Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m s-1 relative_humidity relative_humidity [CF-Standard Name]; unit: 0-1 surface_net_downward_shortwave_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 convective_snowfall_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 large_scale_precipitation_amount large_scale_precipitation_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 snowfall_amount snowfall_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 lwe_thickness_of_frozen_water_content_of_soil_layer "frozen_water" means ice. "lwe" means liquid water equivalent. The construction lwe_thickness_of_X_amount or _content means the vertical extent of a layer of liquid water having the same mass per unit area. "Content" indicates a quantity per unit area. "Layer" means any layer with upper and lower boundaries that have constant values in some vertical coordinate. There must be a vertical coordinate variable indicating the extent of the layer(s). If the layers are model layers, the vertical coordinate can be model_level_number, but it is recommended to specify a physical coordinate (in a scalar or auxiliary coordinate variable) as well. Quantities defined for a soil layer must have a vertical coordinate variable with boundaries indicating the extent of the layer(s).[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m air_temperature Air temperature is the bulk temperature of the air, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: K surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_radiative_flux_in_air The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. Downwelling radiation is radiation from above. It does not mean "net downward". Radiative flux is the sum of shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes. "Photosynthetic" radiation is the part of the spectrum which is used in photosynthesis e.g. 300-700 nm. The range of wavelengths could be specified precisely by the bounds of a coordinate of radiation_wavelength. When thought of as being incident on a surface, a radiative flux is sometimes called "irradiance". In addition, it is identical with the quantity measured by a cosine-collector light-meter and sometimes called "vector irradiance". In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 soil_temperature Soil temperature is the bulk temperature of the soil, not the surface (skin) temperature. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: K lagrangian_tendency_of_air_pressure "tendency_of_X" means derivative of X with respect to time. The Lagrangian tendency of a quantity is its rate of change following the motion of the fluid, also called the "material derivative" or "convective derivative". The Lagrangian tendency of air pressure, often called "omega", plays the role of the upward component of air velocity when air pressure is being used as the vertical coordinate. If the vertical air velocity is upwards, it is negative when expressed as a tendency of air pressure; downwards is positive.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: Pa s-1 net_downward_shortwave_flux_in_air "shortwave" means shortwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 surface_downward_latent_heat_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface latent heat flux is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air on account of evaporation (including sublimation). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 atmosphere_specific_convective_available_potential_energy "specific" means per unit mass. Potential energy is the sum of the gravitational potential energy relative to the geoid and the centripetal potential energy. (The geopotential is the specific potential energy.) Convective(ly) available potential energy is often abbreviated as "CAPE".[CF-Standard Name]; unit: J kg-1 y_wind-at10m "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, when this is not true latitude, positive with increasing y. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 air_pressure_at_sea_level sea_level means mean sea level, which is close to the geoid in sea areas. Air pressure at sea level is the quantity often abbreviated as MSLP or PMSL.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: Pa y_wind-at10m "y" indicates a vector component along the grid y-axis, when this is not true latitude, positive with increasing y. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) [CF-Standard Name-vertical_coordinate]; unit: m s-1 wind_speed Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m s-1 subsurface_runoff_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area. Runoff is the liquid water which drains from land. If not specified, "runoff" refers to the sum of surface runoff and subsurface drainage.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 longitude longitude [CF-Standard Name]; unit: degree large_scale_precipitation_amount large_scale_precipitation_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 water_evaporation_amount water_evaporation_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 canopy_water_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Water" means water in all phases, including frozen i.e. ice and snow. "Canopy" means the plant or vegetation canopy. The canopy water is the water on the canopy.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 precipitation_amount "Amount" means mass per unit area. "Precipitation" in the earths atmosphere means precipitation of water in all phases. [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 large_scale_precipitation_amount large_scale_precipitation_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 surface_downward_sensible_heat_flux The surface called "surface" means the lower boundary of the atmosphere. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). The surface sensible heat flux, also called "turbulent" heat flux, is the exchange of heat between the surface and the air by motion of air. In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 summer_days_index_per_time_period Number of summer days (TX > 25C) Summer days index is the number of days where maximum of temperature is above 25 degree Celsius. The time period should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. convective_precipitation_amount convective_precipitation_amount [CF-Standard Name]; unit: kg m-2 net_downward_longwave_flux_in_air "longwave" means longwave radiation. "Downward" indicates a vector component which is positive when directed downward (negative upward). Net downward radiation is the difference between radiation from above (downwelling) and radiation from below (upwelling). In accordance with common usage in geophysical disciplines, "flux" implies per unit area, called "flux density" in physics.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: W m-2 wind_speed Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Wind is defined as a two-dimensional (horizontal) air velocity vector, with no vertical component. (Vertical motion in the atmosphere has the standard name upward_air_velocity.) The wind speed is the magnitude of the wind velocity.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: m s-1 soil_type A variable with the standard name of soil_type contains strings which indicate the character of the soil e.g. clay. These strings have not yet been standardised. Alternatively, the data variable may contain integers which can be translated to strings using flag_values and flag_meanings attributes.[CF-Standard Name]; unit: integer frost_days_index_per_time_period Frost days index is the number of days where minimum of temperature is below 0 degree Celsius. The time period should be defined by the bounds of the time coordinate. Number of frost days (TN < 0C) [CF-Guidelines for construction]; unit: No. NetCDF 2281916 https://www.wdc-climate.de/ui/entry?acronym=CLM_C20_2_D3 information collection n/a None n/a None n/a None